Emission Reductions

“CO2 needs to significantly reduce for motorcycles to have credibility as low carbon transport” – LowCVP 2010

“CO2 emissions from PTWs are overall a very small share of total emissions. Given the fact of much lower CO2 emissions of PTWs per passenger, compared to passenger cars, the increase in trips conducted by PTWs will actually have a positive effect in the overall reduction of CO2 emissions from road transport.” taken from http://righttoride.eu/regulationdocuments/report_measures_motorcycle_emissions_en.pdf

What Level Of Emission Reduction Can We Expect?

Based on the Ultraboost project (SAE paper number 2014-01-1185) where the 60% downsizing resulted in a 23% improvement in tail pipe CO2 emissions the research suggests that our 70% reduction in swept volume should result in a 29% reduction in accordance with Ultraboost findings (pages 25 & 26 of above document) and research from “Future gasoline engine downsizing technologies” by McAllister & Buckley, before the additional benefits of hybridisation, etc.

Using the VFR800 as an example we get a downsizing factor of 62.5%, resulting in a new CO2 figure of 119.1 g/km. Hybridisation should reduce that to approximately 83.37 g/km. Transport For London suggest that an average motorcyclist rides 87 miles per week so this would represent a saving of over 546 Kg CO2 per year per motorcycle.

Running the same calculations for a one litre sports bike, using the average data for over 750cc bikes from the EU funded research based on a 29% improvement from downsizing and an approximate 30% improvement from hybridisation we can estimate the following savings:

Average urban emissions 750cc+: 171.2 g/km CO2
Average yearly mileage: 7238.4 kms (87 miles per week)
Average yearly CO2 emissions: 1.239 tons

Downsizing Yearly Saving (per motorcycle): 171.2 * 7238.4 * 29% = 359.37 Kg CO2
Hybridisation Yearly Saving (per motorcycle): 171.2 * 7238.4 * 30% = 371.76 Kg CO2

Of course, it is the larger capacity motorcycles that tend to do the highest mileage and, even more importantly, pollute the most in the urban cycle where the pollution has the highest impact. It is also the urban cycle where the hybridisation could see the highest electric only use, increasing the impact of the emission reductions where it matters most.

Overall Yearly Savings (per motorcycle): 171.2 * 7238.4 * 71% * 70% =  615.88 Kg CO2
1.239 tons CO2 -> 0.615 tons = Saving of 0.624 tons (49.7%)

To put that in to perspective: 171.2 g/km CO2 * 71% * 70% = 85.09 g/km CO2

Using the ECE calculations for hybrid vehicles, based on the electric only range, would result in an official CO2 output of 42.5 g/km (25 km electric only range), 28.29 g/km (50 km electric only range) & 16.97 g/km (100 km electric only range).

For more information on the ECE calculations please see paragraph 3.2.3.2.1 of the following document:

https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/updates/R101r3e.pdf

Compact Hybrid Power Train – IDP12 Competition

Compact Hybrid Power Train For Motorcycles & Lightweight Sports Cars – IDP12 Competition

Meteor Power submitted an expression of interest and an outline proposal for the Innovate UK funded IDP12 competition in late October. The proposal was based on the compact hybrid power train project for motorcycles & lightweight sports cars although the potential customer base extends far beyond this in to mainstream automotive, off highway and marine applications.

The scope of the IDP12 funding process is to support innovations in key strategic technologies as defined by the UK auto industry. The project submitted by Meteor Power and project partners addresses all four of the main IDP12 ‘hot’ technologies, i.e. lightweight vehicle & powertrain structures, electric machines & power electronics, internal combustion engines and energy storage & management (see below).

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In November Meteor Power was one of twenty nine applications invited to apply for the second stage of the competition and duly submitted a more comprehensive application in mid-December. This application included a more detailed application form, comprehensive finance forms for each of the project partners along with several appendices giving additional information on the potential market, innovations and goals, intellectual property, project development plans, project partners and subcontractors, etc.

An unfortunate technical glitch led to one of the appendices becoming corrupted in the upload process, resulting in the loss of formatting on a number of headings and tables plus the loss of a key exploitation plan, curiously the only landscape page in the whole document. Sadly the problem was only noticed on downloading the submitted version after the deadline which proved incredibly frustrating as the exploitation plan was a natural extension of the one submitted for a project under the IDP11 programme in 2014 and can be read clearly in the appendix prior to being transmitted to the central server.

Westfield Sports Cars (Project Partner) – The competition required the involvement of a vehicle manufacturer to ensure real world automotive requirements were addressed in the project application. Meteor Power were delighted to have Westfield involved in the project as not only could they advise on their requirements from a four wheel point of view they could also offer support and advice in vehicle manufacturing and regulatory type approval. More importantly, the project would deliver a a fully Euro 6 compliant and tested sports car using the new hybrid power train for direct comparison with their existing Euro 6 compliant models.

Mahle Powertrain (Subcontractor) – Mahle are involved to offer two key services, firstly to advise on ‘design for manufacturing’ and related quality processes, such as ISO/TS 16949, i.e. ensure nothing we do early on will prevent issues later on once volumes increase and we ‘productionise’ the building of the petrol engines and power electronics, and secondly, to manufacture and machine the key engine components to the required specifications.

Meteor Power have the engine design capability in house, supplemented by Bath University, so Mahle Powertrain are involved as a subcontractor with a view to supporting the project through this stage but with a longer term goal that the project partners will learn enough to be able to go it alone without Mahle on future projects.

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Meteor Power has adopted best of breed approach and selected project partners and subcontractors from a number of Advanced Propulsion Centre (APC) ‘spokes’. Of the six spokes announced so far the project includes the ‘Internal Combustion Engine System Efficiency’ spoke in the form of University of Bath as a key partner plus the ‘Electric Machines’ spoke at University of Newcastle and the ‘Electrical Energy Storage’ spoke at University of Warwick as subcontractors. Meteor Power also has a good working relationship with University of Nottingham who make up the ‘Power Electronics’ spoke should additional support be required.

Bath University (Project Partner) – As a key project partner Bath University will undertake much of the internal combustion engine modelling for the project. Drawing on their experience with the Jaguar Land Rover led Ultraboost project, amongst others, Professor Chris Brace and his colleagues are perfectly placed to support this downsizing hybrid power train project.

Newcastle University (Subcontractor) – Newcastle University are involved as a subcontractor, partly due to the very focused nature of their involvement to support the design and testing of the generators for the project, but also to allow a degree of flexibility for scheduling and risk reduction purposes, i.e. like Mahle Powertrain, they are not on the critical path for the project and, should scheduling or other resourcing issues arise, could be replaced if required.

Warwick University (Subcontractor) – Meteor Power have worked with Warwick University on a number of battery related projects due to their experience and facilities for battery testings. In 2015 Warwick University allocated an intern to work on a Meteor Power project to model the energy requirements for an electric motorcycle. All parties anticipate a similar relationship with future interns working on the battery testing for the hybrid power train project with the actual modelling scheduled to be done in house at Meteor Power.

Nottingham University (Additional Resource) – Whilst not directly involved in the project at this stage Meteor Power has a good relationship with Nottingham University with Mike Edwards (Meteor Power’s CEO) and Professor Pat Wheeler (from the University) being members of the technical panel for the MotoE European Electric Motorcycle Racing Series. Should additional resources or skills be required during the project the university is ideally places to be able to offer additional support.

Background Information

A New Beginning…

Compared to a typical high performance motorcycle engine our proposed hybrid engine will be half the weight (30 Kg), half the size (350 mm x 300 mm x 160 mm) and twice the power density (300 kW per litre). These figures are consistent with the BMEP (Brake Mean Effective Pressure, used for comparing engine performance) that is being achieved elsewhere but in a vastly reduced form factor. Reducing the weight of the petrol engine to just 30 Kg and utilising the latest lightweighting technologies to bring the generators down to 10 Kg the hybrid power train is expected to be a like for like weight reduction in terms of the batteries removed from an electric only vehicle, i.e. hybridisation is weight neutral.

Why Is This Important?

The same EU research shows “contribution from PTWs increases to 10% & 20% of total road transport NOx & PM emissions respectively by 2020” largely due to introduction of NOx & DPF after treatments for passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles as Euro 5 & Euro 6, i.e. motorcycle %-age goes up due to reduction in emissions from other vehicles.

Hybrid Engine Market Overview

  Meteor Power Mahle Range Extender Mahle Downsized Engine Jaguar Land Rover Ultraboost
Power (kW) 90 30 150 284
Torque (Nm) 74 74 280 515
Capacity (cc) 300 900 1200 2000
BMEP (Power) 22.5 10.0 37.5 26.22
BMEP (Torque) 31 10.33 29.32 32.36
Downsizing Ratio 70% n/a 50% 60%
Power Density 300 kW/litre 33.3 kW/litre 125 kW/litre 142 kW/litre
Engine Type Serial Hybrid Serial Hybrid Downsized Downsized

EU Motorcycle Emissions Legislation

  EURO 2
Apr 2004
EURO 3
Jan 2006
EURO 4
Jan 2016
EURO 5
Jan 2020
CO 5.5 2 1.14 1
THC 1 0.3 0.17 0.1
NOx 0.3 0.15 0.09 0.06
PM 0.045
NHMC 0.068

The Euro 5 motorcycle standards due to become law in 2020 are the same as the current Euro 6 automotive standards, i.e. any engine that can pass the current four wheel regulations will, subject to some minor variations, also pass the future two wheel regulations.

Honda VFR800 Emissions Test

Emissions Type Average
CO (g/km) 1.25
THC (g/km) 0.2
NOx (g/km) 0.14
CO2 (g/km) 158.8

Although only an 800cc motorcycle the Honda VFR800 represents a good example to focus on as it is the only model that has been tested by a number of different organisations with very similar results from each test. In Meteor Power’s experience a 1000cc sports motorcycle is much more likely to deliver higher average CO2 emissions than the VFR800, reaching up to 200 g/km CO2 under an urban cycle.

EU Funded Motorcycle Emissions Research (Motorcycles Over 750cc)

Emissions Type Urban Rural Highway
CO (g/km) 1.607 0.304 0.375
HC (g/km) 0.243 0.054 0.047
NOx (g/km) 0.061 0.022 0.076
CO2 (g/km) 171.2 109.6 118.8

This data is based on the Best Available Technology of the eight 750cc+ motorcycles tested by the AECC (Association for Emissions Control by Catalyst), i.e. in this case represents the best 20% performance of the Euro 3 motorcycle class per pollutant. This data was used as the basis for the EU funded document available from http://righttoride.eu/regulationdocuments/report_measures_motorcycle_emissions_en.pdf

How Else Will We Make A Difference?

Greatest opportunity in transient control optimisation is reduction, and potential complete removal, of process responsible for generating the majority of NOx and HC emission, i.e. constant changes in throttle input requiring even minor changes in engine speed.

As part of the engine and power management we will incorporate latest Bath University research on “Stochastic dynamic programming in the real-world control of hybrid electric vehicles” [opus.bath.ac.uk/48228]. This will improve forecast state of charge requirements based on operational efficiency in real world driving conditions.

The compact 3-cylinder 4-stroke design offers significant packaging advantages over gas turbine and rotary engines with better thermodynamics. Leading rotary engine supplier, AIE, suggested they would need a much larger form factor to produce 90 kW and couldn’t be sure of meeting any automotive emissions targets. More importantly, demonstrating our ‘transient control optimisation’ along with other emission reductions technologies and power distribution capability in this form will key licensable IP protected technologies to OEMs that can then be incorporated in to their next generation engines rather than becoming a high volume engine manufacturer ourselves.

It is anticipated that the four wheel implementation will utilise a larger battery pack to ensure minimum range requirements for CO2 ECE calculations guidelines, i.e. 40 MPG equates to 7.06 litres per 100 km. Based on the ECE guidelines for declared CO2 emissions for hybrid vehicles being able to travel just 25 km under electric only power would deliver a 50% improvement over declared CO2, i.e. 3.53 litres per 100 km. Being able to travel 50 km would result in a 67% improvement, i.e. 2.35 litres per 100 km whilst being able to travel 100 km under electric power would result in an 80% improvement in declared CO2, i.e. 1.41 litres per 100 km.

For more information on the ECE calculations please see paragraph 3.2.3.2.1 of the following document: https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/updates/R101r3e.pdf